Exchange Effects in HSQC Spectra
The effects of chemical or dynamic exchange on NMR spectra are very well known. Exchange is often studied by observing
line shape changes as a function of temperature, by
2d EXSY, inversion transfer or
saturation transfer methods. Effects due to exchange can also be observed in 1H - 13C HSQC spectra. The
HSQC method works by transferring 1H magnetization to 13C magnetization via an
INEPT transfer through the one-bond J coupling across the 1H - 13C chemical bond. The 13C magnetization evolves during the
incremented delay, t1, of the 2D pulse sequence according to its chemical shift. The 13C magnetization is then transferred back to 1H magnetization where is observed during
t2. HSQC spectra thus exhibit cross peaks between 1H resonances and the resonances of their attached carbons. If there is exchange between nonequivalent carbon sites during t1, some 1H resonances may appear to be correlated to two carbon resonances. An example of this is shown in the figure below.
The 13C spectrum of cannabidiol has equally intense broad, resolved aromatic resonances for non-protonated carbons 2 and 6 (not shown) as well as for the protonated carbons 3 and 5. The 1H spectrum has broad resolved resonances for both aromatic protons. This indicates that either the aromatic ring undergoes 180° flips about the 1 - 4 axis or it has two equally probable rotomers defined by a rotation about the 1 - 4 axis. In either case, the dynamic exchange is slow enough on the
NMR time scale to produce resolved resonances yet fast enough to cause significant line broadening. For each of the two aromatic protons, the HSQC spectrum shows correlations to both C3 and C5; a strong correlation to the carbon to which it is chemically bonded and a weaker correlation to the carbon site in exchange with its attached carbon.
Source:
University of Ottawa NMR Facility Blog